Brian Hioeby Brian Hioe
語言:
English /// 中文
Photo credit: Anna Wu Photography
On May 6th, New Bloom editor Brian Hioe interviewed Shawna Yang Ryan through Skype. Ryan is most recently the author of Green Island, which depicts Taiwan’s White Terror and authoritarian era. Ryan currently teaches in the Creative Writing program at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Brian Hioe: The first question I wanted to ask was, for people who might not know you, can you briefly introduce yourself and your background?
Shawna Yang Ryan: Sure. I grew up in California to parents who had met in Taiwan. My mother is from Taiwan and my father is American but his mother is German, and he was actually born in Germany. I grew up in Northern California. I went to UC Berkeley for my undergraduate degree and then to UC Davis for my MA in Creative Writing. I also wrote a book about a Chinese community set in the Sacramento Delta. That was my first book, Water Ghosts. Now I have my second book, which is about Taiwan.
BH: Can you talk a bit about the process that led up to the writing of Green Island? There are not a lot of novels in English about Taiwan in the recent past, so what was it that led you up to the topic of Taiwanese history?
Photo credit: Anna Wu Photography
SYR: When I finished my undergraduate I had this plan to move to Taiwan for a year and live with my relatives. When I left, my writing professor told me, “You’re going to come back with a book.” And I took that literally; I thought that meant while I was there, I would write so much I would end up writing a book. That’s not what happened.
What happened, though, was that I encountered the 228 Museum at the end of my stay and George Kerr’s book, Formosa Betrayed. I was so shocked by it. Because I didn’t know anything about it. And it was 1999, so I don’t think that there was a lot of dialogue about it.
The story came out of my ignorance and surprise, and I thought, “Wow, why don’t people know about this story. People should know. If people just knew about this story, it might change a lot of their thinking about Taiwan.” I think that started my journey towards understanding Taiwan and its position—I originally went to Taiwan not really knowing anything about its history, just the most basic facts. Then I realized years later that this was what my professor meant by coming back with a novel—that I had that seed planted although it took me awhile to realize it.
BH: Would you also say it’s an exploration of identity that led you up to that, in some sense?
SYR: Yeah. I would say that. In college, I had started to think more about my mixed identity, which was something that I was always conscious of, but it was just my identity; I didn’t think much about it beyond that. Then I went to college and it’s Berkeley and the 90s, and it’s all identity politics, so I joined this mixed-race Asian student club. The Hapa Issues Forum. Having those discussions, I started to think more about my identity and more about Taiwan and that probably was what led me to go to Taiwan.
BH: I’m interested then, in the fact that you started with the 228 Massacre. You mentioned that’s how the book began, that you encountered the 228 Museum. Green Island begins with the 228 Massacre and goes up to the SARS Crisis. I think that’s very unique, because that time period is not written about a lot in English.
People tend to forget, for example, that there were American bases in Taiwan. Or that the dangwai movement was so heavily centered outside of Taiwan in America, in some cases. What was it that led you to focus in on that time period in the setting?
SYR: Well, I did want to start with the massacre because of my encounter with the museum, and also because I feel that it’s a pivot point. Based on my interviews with people—that [the massacre] is also when they started to think about their identity differently because they were just coming out of Japanese colonialism and had been indoctrinated with this idea of Japaneseness, but knew they weren’t Japanese and then, with the arrival of the KMT, thought, “Okay, the Chinese are coming, maybe we’re Chinese.” Then realizing, “No, we’re not Chinese either, so we must be Taiwanese, right?”
The 228 Memorial Museum in Taipei. Photo credit: WikiCommons
I feel like 228 really made that clear, so I wanted to start with that. I think a lot of it probably came out of the interviews I had, especially with the Taiwanese-Americans that I talked to of that generation, so of course the dangwai movement was something that was prominent in their experiences and what they talked about. Also, those periods just intrigued me as novelistic settings, too.
BH: That makes sense. How did you go about researching that process? You mentioned interviews just now. Interviews with Taiwanese-Americans and people that experienced 228.
SYR: I talked to some people who were alive and could remember 228. I talked to some people who were related to 228 victims and I talked to some people who maybe had heard about 228 from their parents but were too young to remember, but then had other experiences as overseas students.
BH: What would you say that the target audience of Green Island is, then? Is it for Americans, Taiwanese, or Taiwanese-Americans? For example, I noticed there was an appendix of books for further reading at the end of Green Island.
SYR: Well, I think I was trying for two audiences. One audience was the Taiwanese and Taiwanese-Americans, the generation who remembered it. I wanted the book to feel authentic to them. I wanted them to read it and feel, “Wow, how could she imagine what we experienced?”
And I have gotten some responses like that from people, which is really amazing. One woman wrote to me and she was like, “How old are you? Where did you grow up? How do you know what my life was like?” [Laughs] So that was a really great response. I wanted it to sound and feel authentic.
Then, on the other hand, I wanted to construct the story in a way where people who didn’t know anything about Taiwan could read it and say, “Whoa, I had no idea. I didn’t even know what Taiwan was. And now I know all this about Taiwan and I want to know more.” I was trying to straddle both of those sides.
BH: In that sense, then, can we also talk about how the novel relates to Asian-American literature? And diasporic experience? I mean, again, your protagonist is born in Taiwan and relocates to America. We talked a little bit about identity earlier and the differences between different target audiences. So how would you situate Green Island in terms of contemporary Asian-American literature?
Cover of Green Island
SYR: That’s a hard question. I teach Asian-American lit classes. When I started out writing, or when I was in college, Asian-American lit was Maxine Hong Kingston, Amy Tan, and maybe Chang-Rae Lee. And now when I teach it, there’s so much. I feel it’s very diffuse.
For example, I taught a class on urban Asian-American literature, so we read Ed Lin, who writes a detective series and we read Tao Lin’s Taipei. There’s so much going on. There’s science fiction and other different genres now, which I think is really great.
So how does my book fit into that? Maybe it’s a little bit old school? Because it’s historical and it deals more directly with identity. I think some of the new literature is not about identity so much as there’s a story and the characters happen to be Asian-American. The issues are more submerged.
But I think my book is different, too, because it’s a feminist, domestic novel but also a political thriller—I’m trying to combine the genres. And it’s also—like you said in your review—it’s also the story of Taiwan. It’s about Taiwanese and not so much about Taiwanese-Americans, right? I don’t really talk so much about her daughters, who are born in the US.
And I also see that I’ve tried to write against this dominant narrative of China. Like: What is the Chinese diaspora? People would probably situate Taiwan in that, but I want to also give it its own place that is not within that bubble. I’ve been trying to do that with conferences now, trying to propose panels to think about Taiwan in different ways. Recently I put together a panel about island places, and put Taiwan with that, instead of making it part of some appendage of the Chinese world.
BH: The next thing I wanted to ask was about the responses in Taiwan. There was a lot of coverage in Chinese language media of Green Island, particularly the review in the New York Times. Can you talk about the responses, both in America and also in Taiwan, from some of the different groups we’ve mentioned, like Americans, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-Americans?
SYR: When that review first came out, I discovered this Reddit thread about the interview and somebody had gone on there and had been like, “Oh, this is just another Amy Tan wannabe, white-washed Asian woman.” They hadn’t even read the book, right? So there was that. But luckily some people jumped in there and and defended me. It really made me mad; it was very irritating.
I think that’s what the expectation might have been. Readers see the cover, and they see my name, and they see size of the book and they see the description, “This sweeping family epic.” I want to preface: I think that Amy Tan laid a really important foundation and I think that the work she does is really important. But that’s the shadow that’s been cast over every Asian-American female writer, so I think people came to the book thinking it was like that.
Coverage of Green Island in the New York Times
Then they read it and they say, “This is really dark.” They’re like, “This was so depressing,” and “I didn’t expect this at all.” And the thing was—I had pulled back on the darkness. I’d thought, “Oh, this is not dark enough.” There was originally much worse. The torture scenes, for example, and my editor told me, “You need to tone it down.” The narrator was much more damaged, so I softened her.
Yet people say, “This is the darkest book I’ve ever read,” so that’s been the response. And from American readers: “I thought Chiang Kai-Shek was the good guy. I thought he was our friend. This just blew away everything I learned in school.” I’ve heard that a lot.
BH: That’s interesting.
SYR: People come up to me and say that often. Like, “I had no idea that this was going on.” Then from Taiwanese-Americans, especially when they come to readings, a lot of them, especially during the Q-and-A, they want to share their own stories and their own experiences. I think it opens up an opportunity for them to talk about their experiences, which is really wonderful.
They’ve said that they want to give the book to their kids so they can understand their story. And then the Taiwanese response has been really supportive. Somebody just sent me an article in which Wu Ming-Yi, who wrote Man with the Compound Eyes, mentioned the book and was talking about how it was important to tell the story. It’s so exciting.
So all around, I think it’s been a really positive response. Like you said, there’s not a lot of books about the topic and that’s exactly what I wanted to do. To tell people this story. To get Taiwan on people’s lips.
BH: The last thing I would to ask is, what would you want to say in closing, both to a Taiwanese audience and to international readers?
SYR: The book is dark, but ultimately I think there’s a message of hope, that change is possible. In the book, the characters are trapped in the moment, they’re trapped in martial law, and they can’t see the light at the end of the tunnel, but eventually it’s there. They reach this historical transformation and so I think it’s ultimately a hopeful book. I guess that would be my message, that even when change doesn’t seem like it’s possible, it’s still possible.